{"id":5720,"date":"2025-02-07T16:19:34","date_gmt":"2025-02-07T21:19:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sims.chaire.ulaval.ca\/?page_id=5720"},"modified":"2026-03-27T13:17:53","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T17:17:53","slug":"to-request-access","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sims.chaire.ulaval.ca\/en\/scales\/to-request-access\/","title":{"rendered":"Scales for the scientific community"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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CSES<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Conformity to the Sport Ethic Scale<\/strong> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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The CSES is the first validated tool available in the literature to assess the conformity level of athletes to the ethical standards in sport (e.g., to be a “true athlete\u201d, one must be willing to make sacrifices to achieve one\u2019s goals). This tool consists of three subscales that measure the Self-Sacrifice norm<\/em>, the Striving for Distinction norm<\/em>, and the Refusal to Accept Limits norm<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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More information<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>
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Language<\/strong> : French and English<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mode<\/strong> : Self-administered<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Publication date<\/strong> : 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Validation<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parent, S., Fortier, K., Vaillancourt-Morel, M.-P., Lessard, G., Goulet, C., Demers, G., Paradis, H., & Hartill, M. (2020). Development and initial factor validation of the French Conformity to the Sport Ethic Scale (CSES). Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science \/ Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 52(4), 331\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cbs0000168<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Studies using the CSES<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>
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-Boudreault, V., Gagnon-Girouard, M. P., Carbonneau, N., Labossi\u00e8re, S., B\u00e9gin, C., & Parent, S. (2022). Extreme weight control behaviors among adolescent athletes: Links with weight-related maltreatment from parents and coaches and sport ethic norms. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 57<\/em>(3), 421-439. doi: 10.1177\/10126902211018672.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-De Sousa, D., Labossi\u00e8re, S., Radziszewski, S., Paradis, H., B\u00e9langer-Gravel, A., Gagn\u00e9, M.-H., Vertommen, T., Woodburn, A., & Parent, S. (2025). The role of sport norms and organizational pressure on coaches\u2019 use of interpersonal violence\u202f: The mediating role of perceived instrumental effects of violence. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching<\/em>, 17479541251395228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17479541251395228<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Demers, E., Lessard, G., Parent, S., & Paradis, H. (2021). Athlete victims of sexual violence: Links to conformity to the sport ethic. European Journal for Sport and Society<\/em>, 1-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16138171.2021.2003056<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Fournier, C., Parent, S., & Paradis, H.. (2021). The relationship between psychological violence by coaches andconformity of young athletes to the sport ethic norms. European Journal for Sport and Society<\/em>, 1\u201319.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16138171.2021.1878436<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Franzoni, A., Antonietti, J.-P., Munsch, S., & Messerli-B\u00fcrgy, N. (2025). Psychosocial correlates of disordered eating among adolescent athletes\u202f: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Eating Disorders<\/em>, 14<\/em>(1), 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-025-01500-x<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Parent, S., Radziszewski, S., Gillard, A., B\u00e9langer-Gravel, A., Gagn\u00e9, M.-H., St-Pierre, E., Vertommen, T., & Woodburn, A. (2024).Development and initial validation of the perceived instrumental effects of violence in sport scale. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living,<\/em> 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2024.1355958<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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VTAQ<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Violence Toward Athletes Questionnaire<\/strong> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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The VTAQ is a validated questionnaire that evaluate all types of interpersonal violence (IV; sexual, psychological, physical and neglect) in the specific context of sport. The questionnaire is divided into 3 subscales, depending on the perpetrator of violence (athlete, coach, or parent).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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More information<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>
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Language<\/strong> : French and English<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mode<\/strong> : Self-administered<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Publication date<\/strong> : 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Validation<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parent, S., Fortier, K., Vaillancourt-Morel, M.-P., Lessard, G., Goulet, C., Demers, G., Paradis, H., & Hartill, M. (2019). Development and initial factor validation of the Violence Toward Athletes Questionnaire (VTAQ) in a sample of young athletes. Loisir et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \/ Society and Leisure, 42(3), 471-486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07053436.2019.1682262<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Studies using the VTAQ<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>
\n

-Boudreault, V., Gagnon-Girouard, M. P., Carbonneau, N., Labossi\u00e8re, S., B\u00e9gin, C., & Parent, S. (2022). Extreme weight control behaviors among adolescent athletes: Links with weight-related maltreatment from parents and coaches and sport ethic norms. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 57<\/em>(3), 421-439.  10.1177\/10126902211018672.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-De Sousa, D., Labossi\u00e8re, S., Radziszewski, S., Paradis, H., B\u00e9langer-Gravel, A., Gagn\u00e9, M.-H., Vertommen, T., Woodburn, A., & Parent, S. (2025). The role of sport norms and organizational pressure on coaches\u2019 use of interpersonal violence\u202f: The mediating role of perceived instrumental effects of violence. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching<\/em>, 17479541251395228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17479541251395228<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Demers, E., Lessard, G., Parent, S., & Paradis, H. (2021). Athlete victims of sexual violence: Links to conformity to the sport ethic. European Journal for Sport and Society,<\/em> 1-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16138171.2021.2003056<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Fournier, C., Parent, S., & Paradis, H.. (2021). The relationship between psychological violence by coaches andconformity of young athletes to the sport ethic norms. European Journal for Sport and Society<\/em>, 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16138171.2021.1878436<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Gillard, A., Labossi\u00e8re, S., Vaillancourt-Morel, M.-P., & Parent, S. (2024). Diversity of Profiles Among Adolescent-Athletes Reporting Sexual Violence in Sport. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10538712.2024.2434852<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Gillard, A., Labossi\u00e8re, S., Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P., & Parent, S. (2025). The role of gender, type of sport practiced, and sport level on the association between experience of sexual violence in sport and symptoms of disordered eating in adolescent-athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology<\/em>, 1\u201319.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1612197X.2025.2547359<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Maranh\u00e3o, J., Parent, S., Clermont, C., & Vertommen, T. (2025). Self-Reported Experiences of Interpersonal Violence Among High-Performance Athletes in Brazil. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 0(0). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605251368852<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Mountjoy, M., Adriaens, K., Junge, A., Verhelle, H., Laureys, F., Kirby, S., Dienstbach-Wech, L., Foster, J., & Vertommen, T. (2024). Association of self-reported health problems and interpersonal violence in sport: a cross-sectional study in world-level performing athletes.British Journal of Sports Medicine, 58(22), 1360\u20131368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2024-109022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Pankowiak, A.,Woessner, M. N., Parent, S., Vertommen, T., Eime, R., Spaaij, R., Harvey, J., & Parker, A. G. (2022). Psychological, physical, and sexual violence against children in Australian community sport: Frequency, perpetrator and victim characteristics. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38<\/em>(3-4), 4338- 4365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605221114155<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Parent, S., Clermont, C., Radziszewski, S., Vertommen, T., & Dion, J. (2023). Child maltreatment and links with experiences of interpersonal violence in sport in a sample of Canadian adolescents. Social sciences, 12<\/em>(6), 36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci12060336<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Parent, S., & Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P. (2021). Magnitude and risk factors for interpersonal violence experienced by Canadian teenagers in the sport context. Journal of sport and social issues, 45<\/em>(6), 528-544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0193723520973571<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Parent, S., Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P., & Gillard, A. (2022). Interpersonal violence (IV) in sport and mental health outcomes in teenagers. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 46(4), 323-337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01937235211043652<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Sinha, G., & Singh, P. (2025). Exploring the Relationship Between Psychological Violence by Coaches and Mental Toughness Among Indian Athletes. International Sport Coaching Journal<\/em>, 1\u20119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/iscj.2024-0074<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Toyoda, H.,\u00a0Horiuchi, T.,\u00a0Ishikawa, K.,\u00a0& Omi,\u00a0Y. (2026). Development and Validation of the Japanese Version of the Violence Toward Athletes Questionnaire-Coach,\u00a0Japanese Journal of Sport Psychology<\/em>,\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4146\/jjspopsy.2025-2514<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Vertommen, T., Decuyper, M., Parent, S., Pankowiak, A., & Woessner, M. N. (2022). Interpersonal violence in Belgian sport today: Young athletes report. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19<\/em>(18), 11745. \u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191811745<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Vertommen, T., Decuyper, M., Parent, S., & Paradis, H. (2022). Validation of the Dutch (Flemish) version of the violence towards athletes questionnaire (VTAQ). Loisir et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9\/Society and Leisure, 45<\/em>(2), 390- 408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07053436.2022.2097381<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-W\u00f3jcik, S., Organista, N., Kopycka, J., & Szo\u0142ajska, J. (2025). The Prevalence of Violence Against Children in Organized Sport in Poland. Child Abuse Review<\/em>, 34<\/em>(5), e70064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/car.70064<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Zach, S., Guy, S., Ben-Yechezkel, R., & Grosman-Rimon, L. (2024). Clear Yet Crossed: Athletes\u2019 Retrospective Reports of Coach Violence. Behavioral Sciences, 14<\/em>(6), 486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs14060486<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

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PIEVS<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

<\/strong>Perceived Instrumental Effects of Violence in Sport Scale<\/strong> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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The PIEVS is a validated questionnaire that measure coaches’ beliefs about perceived instrumental effects of violence in sport.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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More information<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>
\n

Language<\/strong> : French<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mode<\/strong> : Self-administered<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Publication date<\/strong> : 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Validation<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parent, S., Radziszewski, S., Gillard, A., B\u00e9langer-Gravel, A., Gagn\u00e9, M.-H., St-Pierre, E., Vertommen, T., &
Woodburn, A. (2024). Development and initial validation of the Perceived Instrumental Effects of Violence
in Sport Scale (PIEVS). Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, section Sport Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2024.1355958<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Study using the PIEVS<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>
\n

-De Sousa, D., Labossi\u00e8re, S., Radziszewski, S., Paradis, H., B\u00e9langer-Gravel, A., Gagn\u00e9, M.-H., Vertommen, T., Woodburn, A., & Parent, S. (2025). The role of sport norms and organizational pressure on coaches\u2019 use of interpersonal violence\u202f: The mediating role of perceived instrumental effects of violence. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching<\/em>, 17479541251395228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17479541251395228<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Schwab, L., R\u00f6thlin, P., Antonini Philippe, R., & Horvath, S. (2024). The Perceived Instrumental Effects of Violence in Sport (PIEVS) Scale : Translation, (Cross\u2013) Validation, and Short-Form Development of the German Version. Journal of Applied Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2941-7597\/a000032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/2941- 7597\/a000032<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Schwab, L., R\u00f6thlin, P., Antonini Philippe, R., & Horvath, S. (2026). Exploring Coaches\u2019 Responses to Interpersonal Violence in Sport\u202f: Recognition, Severity Perception, and Likelihood of Reporting. Journal of Interpersonal Violence<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605251408112<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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