{"id":7508,"date":"2026-07-16T15:50:46","date_gmt":"2026-07-16T19:50:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sims.chaire.ulaval.ca\/?page_id=7508"},"modified":"2026-07-20T08:29:17","modified_gmt":"2026-07-20T12:29:17","slug":"description-of-measuring-tools","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sims.chaire.ulaval.ca\/en\/toolbox-2\/description-of-measuring-tools\/","title":{"rendered":"Description of measuring tools"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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CSES<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Conformity to the Sport Ethic Scale<\/strong> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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The CSES is the first validated tool available in the literature to assess the conformity level of athletes to the ethical standards in sport (e.g., to be a “true athlete\u201d, one must be willing to make sacrifices to achieve one\u2019s goals). This tool consists of three subscales that measure the Self-Sacrifice norm<\/em>, the Striving for Distinction norm<\/em>, and the Refusal to Accept Limits norm<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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More information<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>
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Language<\/strong> : French and English<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mode<\/strong> : Self-administered<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Publication date<\/strong> : 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Validation<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parent, S., Fortier, K., Vaillancourt-Morel, M.-P., Lessard, G., Goulet, C., Demers, G., Paradis, H., & Hartill, M. (2020). Development and initial factor validation of the French Conformity to the Sport Ethic Scale (CSES). Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science \/ Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 52(4), 331\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cbs0000168<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Studies using the CSES<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>
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-Boudreault, V., Gagnon-Girouard, M. P., Carbonneau, N., Labossi\u00e8re, S., B\u00e9gin, C., & Parent, S. (2022). Extreme weight control behaviors among adolescent athletes: Links with weight-related maltreatment from parents and coaches and sport ethic norms. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 57<\/em>(3), 421-439. doi: 10.1177\/10126902211018672.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-De Sousa, D., Labossi\u00e8re, S., Radziszewski, S., Paradis, H., B\u00e9langer-Gravel, A., Gagn\u00e9, M.-H., Vertommen, T., Woodburn, A., & Parent, S. (2025). The role of sport norms and organizational pressure on coaches\u2019 use of interpersonal violence\u202f: The mediating role of perceived instrumental effects of violence. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching<\/em>, 17479541251395228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17479541251395228<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Demers, E., Lessard, G., Parent, S., & Paradis, H. (2021). Athlete victims of sexual violence: Links to conformity to the sport ethic. European Journal for Sport and Society<\/em>, 1-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16138171.2021.2003056<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Fournier, C., Parent, S., & Paradis, H.. (2021). The relationship between psychological violence by coaches andconformity of young athletes to the sport ethic norms. European Journal for Sport and Society<\/em>, 1\u201319.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16138171.2021.1878436<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Franzoni, A., Antonietti, J.-P., Munsch, S., & Messerli-B\u00fcrgy, N. (2025). Psychosocial correlates of disordered eating among adolescent athletes\u202f: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Eating Disorders<\/em>, 14<\/em>(1), 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-025-01500-x<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Parent, S., Radziszewski, S., Gillard, A., B\u00e9langer-Gravel, A., Gagn\u00e9, M.-H., St-Pierre, E., Vertommen, T., & Woodburn, A. (2024).Development and initial validation of the perceived instrumental effects of violence in sport scale. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living,<\/em> 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2024.1355958<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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VTAQ<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Violence Toward Athletes Questionnaire<\/strong> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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The VTAQ is a validated questionnaire that evaluate all types of interpersonal violence (IV; sexual, psychological, physical and neglect) in the specific context of sport. The questionnaire is divided into 3 subscales, depending on the perpetrator of violence (athlete, coach, or parent).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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More information<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>
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Language<\/strong> : French and English<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mode<\/strong> : Self-administered<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Publication date<\/strong> : 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Validation<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parent, S., Fortier, K., Vaillancourt-Morel, M.-P., Lessard, G., Goulet, C., Demers, G., Paradis, H., & Hartill, M. (2019). Development and initial factor validation of the Violence Toward Athletes Questionnaire (VTAQ) in a sample of young athletes. Loisir et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \/ Society and Leisure, 42(3), 471-486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07053436.2019.1682262<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Studies using the VTAQ<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>
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-Boudreault, V., Gagnon-Girouard, M. P., Carbonneau, N., Labossi\u00e8re, S., B\u00e9gin, C., & Parent, S. (2022). Extreme weight control behaviors among adolescent athletes: Links with weight-related maltreatment from parents and coaches and sport ethic norms. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 57<\/em>(3), 421-439.  10.1177\/10126902211018672.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-De Sousa, D., Labossi\u00e8re, S., Radziszewski, S., Paradis, H., B\u00e9langer-Gravel, A., Gagn\u00e9, M.-H., Vertommen, T., Woodburn, A., & Parent, S. (2025). The role of sport norms and organizational pressure on coaches\u2019 use of interpersonal violence\u202f: The mediating role of perceived instrumental effects of violence. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching<\/em>, 17479541251395228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17479541251395228<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Demers, E., Lessard, G., Parent, S., & Paradis, H. (2021). Athlete victims of sexual violence: Links to conformity to the sport ethic. European Journal for Sport and Society,<\/em> 1-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16138171.2021.2003056<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Fournier, C., Parent, S., & Paradis, H.. (2021). The relationship between psychological violence by coaches andconformity of young athletes to the sport ethic norms. European Journal for Sport and Society<\/em>, 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16138171.2021.1878436<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Gillard, A., Labossi\u00e8re, S., Vaillancourt-Morel, M.-P., & Parent, S. (2024). Diversity of Profiles Among Adolescent-Athletes Reporting Sexual Violence in Sport. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10538712.2024.2434852<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Gillard, A., Labossi\u00e8re, S., Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P., & Parent, S. (2025). The role of gender, type of sport practiced, and sport level on the association between experience of sexual violence in sport and symptoms of disordered eating in adolescent-athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology<\/em>, 1\u201319.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1612197X.2025.2547359<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Maranh\u00e3o, J., Parent, S., Clermont, C., & Vertommen, T. (2025). Self-Reported Experiences of Interpersonal Violence Among High-Performance Athletes in Brazil. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 0(0). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605251368852<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Mountjoy, M., Adriaens, K., Junge, A., Verhelle, H., Laureys, F., Kirby, S., Dienstbach-Wech, L., Foster, J., & Vertommen, T. (2024). Association of self-reported health problems and interpersonal violence in sport: a cross-sectional study in world-level performing athletes.British Journal of Sports Medicine, 58(22), 1360\u20131368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2024-109022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Pankowiak, A.,Woessner, M. N., Parent, S., Vertommen, T., Eime, R., Spaaij, R., Harvey, J., & Parker, A. G. (2022). Psychological, physical, and sexual violence against children in Australian community sport: Frequency, perpetrator and victim characteristics. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38<\/em>(3-4), 4338- 4365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605221114155<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Parent, S., Clermont, C., Radziszewski, S., Vertommen, T., & Dion, J. (2023). Child maltreatment and links with experiences of interpersonal violence in sport in a sample of Canadian adolescents. Social sciences, 12<\/em>(6), 36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci12060336<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Parent, S., & Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P. (2021). Magnitude and risk factors for interpersonal violence experienced by Canadian teenagers in the sport context. Journal of sport and social issues, 45<\/em>(6), 528-544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0193723520973571<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Parent, S., Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P., & Gillard, A. (2022). Interpersonal violence (IV) in sport and mental health outcomes in teenagers. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 46(4), 323-337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01937235211043652<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Sinha, G., & Singh, P. (2025). Exploring the Relationship Between Psychological Violence by Coaches and Mental Toughness Among Indian Athletes. International Sport Coaching Journal<\/em>, 1\u20119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/iscj.2024-0074<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Toyoda, H., Horiuchi, T., Ishikawa, K., & Omi, Y. (2026). Development and Validation of the Japanese Version of the Violence Toward Athletes Questionnaire-Coach, Japanese Journal of Sport Psychology<\/em>,  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4146\/jjspopsy.2025-2514<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Vertommen, T., Decuyper, M., Parent, S., Pankowiak, A., & Woessner, M. N. (2022). Interpersonal violence in Belgian sport today: Young athletes report. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19<\/em>(18), 11745.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191811745<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Vertommen, T., Decuyper, M., Parent, S., & Paradis, H. (2022). Validation of the Dutch (Flemish) version of the violence towards athletes questionnaire (VTAQ). Loisir et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9\/Society and Leisure, 45<\/em>(2), 390- 408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07053436.2022.2097381<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-W\u00f3jcik, S., Organista, N., Kopycka, J., & Szo\u0142ajska, J. (2025). The Prevalence of Violence Against Children in Organized Sport in Poland. Child Abuse Review<\/em>, 34<\/em>(5), e70064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/car.70064<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Zach, S., Guy, S., Ben-Yechezkel, R., & Grosman-Rimon, L. (2024). Clear Yet Crossed: Athletes\u2019 Retrospective Reports of Coach Violence. Behavioral Sciences, 14<\/em>(6), 486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs14060486<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

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PIEVS<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

<\/strong>Perceived Instrumental Effects of Violence in Sport Scale<\/strong> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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The PIEVS is a validated questionnaire that measure coaches’ beliefs about perceived instrumental effects of violence in sport.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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More information<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>
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Language<\/strong> : French<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mode<\/strong> : Self-administered<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Publication date<\/strong> : 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Validation<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parent, S., Radziszewski, S., Gillard, A., B\u00e9langer-Gravel, A., Gagn\u00e9, M.-H., St-Pierre, E., Vertommen, T., &
Woodburn, A. (2024). Development and initial validation of the Perceived Instrumental Effects of Violence
in Sport Scale (PIEVS). Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, section Sport Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2024.1355958<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Study using the PIEVS<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>
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-De Sousa, D., Labossi\u00e8re, S., Radziszewski, S., Paradis, H., B\u00e9langer-Gravel, A., Gagn\u00e9, M.-H., Vertommen, T., Woodburn, A., & Parent, S. (2025). The role of sport norms and organizational pressure on coaches\u2019 use of interpersonal violence\u202f: The mediating role of perceived instrumental effects of violence. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching<\/em>, 17479541251395228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17479541251395228<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Schwab, L., R\u00f6thlin, P., Antonini Philippe, R., & Horvath, S. (2024). The Perceived Instrumental Effects of Violence in Sport (PIEVS) Scale : Translation, (Cross\u2013) Validation, and Short-Form Development of the German Version. Journal of Applied Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2941-7597\/a000032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/2941- 7597\/a000032<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Schwab, L., R\u00f6thlin, P., Antonini Philippe, R., & Horvath, S. (2026). Exploring Coaches\u2019 Responses to Interpersonal Violence in Sport\u202f: Recognition, Severity Perception, and Likelihood of Reporting. Journal of Interpersonal Violence<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605251408112<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Mapping of current projects<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

This map shows research projects around the world using one or more of the scales developed by the SIMS Chaire. It allows researchers to explore projects by location, identify relevant studies and connect with others using these measurement tools.
 
Each project includes key details such as study objectives, key collaborators and sample information. This platform aims to foster collaboration, knowledge sharing and networking among researchers.
 
For the best experience, please open the map in full screen.
 
Are you using a SIMS Chair scale in your research? Submit your project to outils.chaire@fse.ulaval.ca<\/a> to be featured on this map and expand this global network. <\/p>\n

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